Thursday, February 27, 2014

Task 1.1 - Roman scripts (14/16)

Roman Scripts

Inscription in square capitals on a Roman
 altar in the museum at Chesters Fort on
 Hadrian's Wall.
The Roman alphabet evolved by the ancient Romans and was originated from the Greeks. It consists of Old Roman scripts (around the 1st century AD) and New Roman scripts (from the 2nd to the 4th centuries).  They were both used for different purposes. The Old Roman scripts - square capitals was written without breaks between words or with dots between words. It was mainly used for carved inscriptions.

Square capitals were not used in manuscripts although in early middle ages (c. 1001-1300) it was used for headings in scripts.


Square capitals used in a manuscript of Virgil's Aeneid from the 
Library of St Gall (Cod.1394,p.12).










The Old Roman cursive  (cursive capitals) was used for documents and personal handwriting. Cursive scripts were rapidly written since the letters were joined together.
Between the 2nd and 4th centuries they started using parchment instead of papyrus. Parchment had the form of a book (codex) and was made of animal skin, while papyrus was a form of manuscript in the shape of a roll made from stem fibers.

New Roman cursive from a 5th century letter on papyrus, found in Egypt (Strassburg, Pap. lat. Argent.1). 

Medieval Writing, 2014. Roman Scripts. [ONLINE] Available at: http://medievalwriting.50megs.com/scripts/history2.htm. [Accessed 03 March 2014].

Medieval Writing, 2014. Glossary. [ONLINE] Available at:http://medievalwriting.50megs.com/glossary.htm. [Accessed 03 March 2014].

Sunday, February 23, 2014

Task 1.2 - Personal Visits: Cittadella, Ggantija (2/2)

Personal visits – 21/02/2014

Cittadella – Gozo


The Citadel walls
The Citadel/Cittadella is situated in Victoria (Rabat) – the capital city of Gozo. I personally noticed that all roads in Gozo lead to Victoria and since the Cittadella is at a high point, it is visible from most parts of the island.

The Citadel served as a refuge against Barbarian attacks. Before the arrival of the Knights of the Order of St. John, the Cittadella was known as Gaulcois Civitas. 

Until the advent of the Arabs in 870 A.D. it used to include a great part of Rabat but after the Great Siege of 1565 it was later re-fortified to its present size. Until 1637, due to frequent surprise attacks, the Gozitans were ordered to retire inside its walls after sunset.



Inside the Cittadella, one can find a cathedral dedicated to the ‘Assumption of our Lady’ which is a 17th century baroque building. The church was demolished during an earthquake in 1693, and was later rebuilt in 1697. 


The Cathedral (left), The 'false dome' painting (right)


Personal Thought: When visiting, the most thing that caught my eye was the 'false dome' inside the church which was painted as an excellent study in perspective by Antonio Manuele from Messina. In the painting I noticed that the artist uses warm/analogous colours. There is also a sense of rhythm/symmetry in the columns which all lead to the ‘highest point’ of the painting.


Inside the Cittadella - The Law of Courts
In the narrow streets inside the Cittadella, one can find
delicious fresh produce and antiques




Inside the Cittadella


Queen Elizabeth's visit to the Gozo Citadel






























Engraving on the Citadel walls which date back to 1910. 
One can notice the Italian influence on the writing 
(the use of g instead of j).
























Water source (1987) – A copy of the original water source (100 years later) as a memorial of the opening service of the Gozo Ferry.
Apart from the Law Courts, one can also find the Old Prison, The Folklore Museum, the Gozo Museum of Archaeology and the Natural Science Museum. Art exhibitions are also held in different areas of the Citadel.



Bibliography:

Attraction, 2014. Cittadella fortification. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.malta.com/en/attraction/culture/building-fortification/cittadella. [Accessed 03 March 2014].


Visit Malta, 2014. Victoria & Cittadella. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.visitmalta.com/en/victoria-and-cittadella. [Accessed 03 March 2014].





Ggantija Temples - Gozo

Another visit I conducted was at the Ggantija Temples in Xaghra, Gozo. These temples date back to 3600 - 3200 B.C.  Although these temples are said to be one of the oldest in the world, they still maintain their original apsidal formation. This is due to the fact that archaeological restoration was carried out. The first person to conduct excavations  in the Ggantija Temples was John Otto Bayer. They are also on the UNESCO World Heritage List which "makes them a site of universal significance." (Gozobreak, n.d)


Main entrance to Ggantija Temples


The Ggantija Temples consist of two temples, both surrounded by a boundary wall. "One of the most striking features of the entire complex, the boundary wall, is built using the alternating header and stretcher technique..."(Explore Gozo, 2007-08)

Personal Thought: When going inside the temple, I noticed the rectangular stone block with a recess inside it. According to research I conducted afterwards, this was used so that worshippers could wash their feet before entering the temple. 


Map of the Ggantija Temples
Personal thought: One can notice the two separate temples, the first one is bigger and holds the main altar. The difference in size could be since it is of more importance than the other temple.

Lateral altars in Ggantija South Temple

One can also notice the main altar which is formed by three blocks from one end to the other of the central apse.  Archeologists say that the holes on the surface of the altar could have been used to drain the blood of the animals which were used as a sacrifice to the gods. "Excavations have brought to light the remains of animal bone, thus suggesting some sort of ritual involving animal sacrifice." (Gozobreak, n.d)

Entrance to the Second Temple


In the Altar niches have also been restored. One can notice that modern square blocks were built to support old slabs. I personally noticed that this is similar to the Oracle room in Hagar Qim.

The Ggantija Temple has been used for a thousand years and afterwards it was "used as a cremation site by Bronze Age inhabitants." (Gozobreak, n.d) 



Bibliography:

Explore Gozo, 2007-08.  Archeological Sites. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.gozo.com/explore/attractions/archeological_sites.php. [Accessed 23 April 2014].

Ghawdex, 2014. Ggantija Temples. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.my-malta.com/Gozo/gozo_history_ggantija1.html. [Accessed 23 April 2014].

Gozobreak, 2014. Ggantija Temples, Gozo. [ONLINE] Available at: http://gozobreak.wordpress.com/2012/11/28/ggantija-temples-gozo/. [Accessed 23 April 2014].


Heritage Malta, 2014. Ġgantija Temples. [ONLINE] Available at: http://heritagemalta.org/museums-sites/ggantija-temples/. [Accessed 23 April 2014].

The Ggantija Megalithic Temples, 2014. Ggantija. [ONLINE] Available at: http://aboutmalta.com/gozo/ggantija.html. [Accessed 23 April 2014].













































Monday, February 17, 2014

Task 1.1 - Ethiopic scripts (15/16)

Ethiopic scripts (Ge'ez)

The earliest Ge'ez inscriptions date to the 5th century BC. and it was developed from the Sabaean/Minean script (South Arabian alphabet). Like the Egyptian Hieroglyphs, the first Ethiopic scripts represented only consonants. It is thought that vowels started to appear in the 4th century AD. This distinguished the Ethiopic script from the South Arabian script. Vowels were written by adding a stroke to the consonant.


Image taken from : http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ethiopic.htm

One can notice that the writing direction is from left to right and therefore can be distinguished from Hebrew and Arabic. Each symbol represents a consonant and a vowel, it is thought that this was influenced by the Indians.

Ancient Script, 2014. Ethiopic. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ancientscripts.com/ethiopic.html. [Accessed 03 March 2014].

Omniglot, 2014. Ge'ez (Ethiopic) script[ONLINE] Available at: http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ethiopic.htm. [Accessed 03 March 2014].


Task 1.5 - Relationship between modern practice and historical sources (2/2)

Assassin’s Creed

Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines - Bird's eye view
Assassin’s Creed is a game with a mixture of action and adventure in recreations of Italian historical cities, which is based on the Renaissance period (late 15th century). It revolves around a man who is captured by Knights Templar. By using a machine known as the Animus, he is forced to relive his ancestors’ memories who were assassins. It is mainly filmed in Rome and Venice and some chapters include the Palace of Lorenzo de’ Medici who was an Italian political leader during the Renaissance period. Assassins really existed in the Twelfth Century and the action takes place during the Third Crusade (1189–1192).

In the game one travels in real cities such as Damascus, Acre and Jerusalem. The creator stated that he wanted to keep the historical aspect but also adding some style and a number of details giving the game a god sense of depth. The character team used a number of 3D software programs such as Autodesk and MotionBuilder to create high-resolution models.

This game took inspiration from specific movies such as ‘Kingdom of Heaven’. Major places such as ‘The Dome of the Roc’ and ‘The Holy Sepulchre Church’ in Jerusalem are also recreated with extreme detail. The buildings have different play points since all of them are fully climbable by the Assassin character.


The following is a summary of an interview with the Assassin's Creed 2 creative director, Patrice Désilets by Ludwig Kietzmann  on Jun 10th 2009. I found these points relative since the director explains how there is a relationship between interactive media and historical sources. According to Désilets, the game consists mainly of realism (Italian historical cities - Venice).



Interviewer: "So, you are going back in time and you have all these locations that are fairly realistic, right?"

Patrice Désilets
: "Yes."

"But where do you draw the line with realism? Where can you break the rules?"

"We are always asking ourselves that question, you know? For sure, the official answer is: fun is always first. But sometimes historical matters will bring you fun also. I like to say that histories are licensed. So, yes we can take some liberties, but not too much, otherwise ... what's the point, right? For example, we had a big debate at work about the
 Rialto Bridge in Venice. "

"Oh?"

"Rialto Bridge, historically, at the time of making our game, wasn't wood, it wasn't the bridge that you can see now in Venice. That was in 1586, if I remember correctly. So, it's roughly 100 years later. They were talking about doing the bridge like that, but all the political people couldn't agree upon how to make a bridge, and that's why it was still in wood -- and we are making it in wood. We could have taken the decision, saying, "Oh, let's do the bridge and everybody understands or sees or knows that." But what's the point in going there and saying we're historically accurate if we're not? But other times, you know, the flying machine never flew."

"Right."

"It was only a drawing. Sometimes we are going into the what ifs. Because Assassin's Creed is also about telling you what isn't written in the historical books. So it's always a balance between the two.
(Kietzmann L., 2009)




Bibliography: 


BusinessWire, 2014. Ubisoft® Uses Autodesk Games Technology in Ubisoft “Assassin’s Creed® Brotherhood” Production Pipeline. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20101123006567/en/Ubisoft%C2%AE-Autodesk-Games-Technology-Ubisoft-%E2%80%9CAssassin%E2%80%99s-Creed%C2%AE.. [Accessed 03 March 2014].

Keitzmann L., 2009. Interview: Assassin's Creed 2 creative director, Patrice Désilets. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.joystiq.com/2009/06/10/interview-assassins-creed-2-creative-director-patrice-desilet/. [Accessed 03 March 2014].

Ubisoft, 2014. Assassin's Creed. [ONLINE] Available at:http://assassinscreed.ubi.com/en-gb/home/. [Accessed 03 March 2014].





Total War: Rome II


Packshot Total War: Rome II is developed by The Creative Assembly and published by Sega. It was released for Microsoft Windows in September 2013 and it is the most popular within other games in Total War series.

The campaign begins in Rome in 272BC.  Rome has powerful empires with various strengths and opportunities. It includes different terrain; from deserts in the Sahara to forests in the North (as stated in CVG interview below). It is approximately three hours long where the player has to organize troops and use special units.



Rome II - Naval Battle
According to an interview with the creative director, Mike Simpson stated that “Rome II was hugely ambitious for our studio.” (IGN Entertainment, Inc.,1996-2014).

The following is an interview with The Creative Assembly's Jamie Ferguson where he explains what Rome II is all about; therefore the relationship between modern practice and historical sources.

CVG: "Rome II is your biggest game yet - not only in terms of budget (up 40% from TW: Shogun 2), but in terms of the overall playing area, we're told?"

FURGUSON: "That's right - in terms of environments we stretch all the way from Spain right out to Afghanistan, Scotland and down to Saudi Arabia and the Horn of Africa. With an entire continent to represent, we had to be sure to include all the different terrain you might encounter. So you'll see deserts, forests in the north, rolling planes to the east and when you reach the Lavant [modern day Slovenia] you'll encounter some very harsh terrain."

FURGUSON: "ELEPHANTS WERE USED BY THE CARTHAGINIANS, WHO HAVE ACCESS TO A WIDE VARIETY OF MERCENARY UNITS"

CVG: "What other lengths do you go to to ensure historical accuracy?"

"All of those elements actually make for perfect gameplay and that's how we actually bring the history into the game, and how the game is formed by the history.
WE GO THROUGH ALL THE HISTORY BOOKS AND READ NOVELS ABOUT THAT PERIOD, AS WELL AS WATCH THINGS LIKE SPARTACUS AND ROME HBO" (CVG UK, 2013)



Bibliography: 

CVG UK, 2013. How history inspires gameplay in Rome 2 [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.computerandvideogames.com/421999/interviews/how-history-inspires-gameplay-in-rome-2/. [Accessed 19 May 2014].


IGN, 2014. Total War: Rome II Review [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/09/06/total-war-rome-2-review. [Accessed 19 May 2014].


Total War, 2014. Total War- Rome II. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.totalwar.com/en_us/rome2/. [Accessed 19 May 2014].


Task 1.1 - Egyptian Hieroglyphs (16/16)

Prehistoric writing: Egyptian Hieroglyphs 

The Egyptian Hieroglyphs (3100 BC to 400 AD) are considered as the earliest writing. This writing is complex but also straightforward and it is thought that Egyptian Hieroglyphs are historical and religious. It is divided into three categories: logograms(a symbol representing a word), phonograms(a symbol which represents a sound) and determinatives(characters which clarify a statement).

The following is an example of logograms:


One can notice that Egyptians wrote only in consonants, therefore they didn't use any vowels. They used one, two or three consonants as shown in the image below.



Uniconsonantal, biconsonantal, triconsonantal








Personal thought : 

When researching Egyptian scripts, I noticed the similarity between hieroglyphs and emoticons. They both represent words and also express emotions. Emoticons nowadays are used all over the web especially in specific applications such as Whatsapp and Facebook chat.



Ancient Scripts, 2014. Egyptian. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ancientscripts.com/egyptian.html. [Accessed 03 March 2014].